Karaka — what a planet always means
Karaka means significator — what a planet naturally carries into every chart it enters. The Sun means father and authority for a Leo lagna, a Cancer lagna, any lagna. This is the chart-independent layer of meaning. House lordship, coming in module 4, is the chart-specific layer. A planet holds both jobs at once.
Venus is always karaka of marriage — even in a chart where she happens to rule difficult houses.
Sun and Moon — your parents and your inner weather
The Sun signifies father, authority, government, vitality, and bones — the sources of power and structure. The Moon signifies mother, the mind, the public, and fluids — the sources of nourishment and feeling. Between them, the two lights carry your parents, your energy, and your emotional climate.
A question about the mother's wellbeing puts the Moon on the table before you glance at a single house.
Mars and Mercury — force and articulation
Mars signifies younger siblings, courage, land and property, and the sharp edges of life: accidents and surgery. Mercury signifies speech, commerce, analysis, writing, and skin. One cuts, the other calculates. Notice each cluster is an image, not a list — everything Mars carries takes force; everything Mercury carries takes articulation.
A surgeon uses both professionally: Mars for the knife, Mercury for the precision.
Jupiter and Venus — growth and relationship
Jupiter signifies children, wealth, wisdom, and the guru. Venus signifies spouse, marriage, romance, vehicles, arts, and luxury. Classical convention adds a gendered pair: Jupiter stands for the husband in a woman's chart, Venus for the wife in a man's chart — state it as the tradition's position and read it as such.
For any marriage question, Venus is the general karaka; the classics then add Jupiter for a woman's husband.
Saturn, Rahu, Ketu — endurance, obsession, release
Saturn signifies longevity, labor, servants, chronic conditions, grief, and delay — whatever endures, including what endures unpleasantly. Rahu signifies foreign lands and foreigners, technology, obsession, and unconventional paths. Ketu signifies moksha (liberation), the occult, losses, and whatever is renounced. Between them they cover what the seven classical bodies do not.
A career in software abroad reads Rahu twice: technology and foreign lands.
Every topic gets read twice — house AND karaka
To read a life topic, consult both the relevant house AND its karaka — mother is the 4th house and the Moon; agreement between them strengthens the verdict. One classical caution: karako bhava nashaya, 'the karaka harms its own bhava' — a significator sitting in the house it signifies is said to strain those results. Apply with judgment, never mechanically.
Jupiter, karaka of children, sitting in the 5th house of children — the dictum's textbook case.
The one idea to keep
Karaka tells you what a planet carries
Karaka is what a planet always means, whatever the lagna. Lordship — coming in module 4 — will tell you whose side a planet is on; karaka tells you what it carries. Two layers, both true at once. Reading charts is learning to hold both.